3 Turn over 2 (a) Table 1 below shows data for the level of development of the 38 members of the United Nations that are landlocked countries. A Chi-squared test was used to establish if there is an association between being landlocked and the level of development. Two hypotheses were set up: There is no significant association between the level of development and being landlocked. Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant association between the level of development and being landlocked. (i) Using the formula and the data in Table 1 below calculate the value of χ 2 (2) 2 2 χ O E E Show your working. χ 2 = .............................................................. Level of development Low human development Medium human development High human development Very high human development Observed 14 4 7 13 Expected 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 (O-E)2 20.25 30.25 6.25 12.25 (O-E)2 / E 2.13 3.18 0.66 1.29 Table 1 4 (ii) To test the significance of this value for χ 2 the table below was used to determine which hypothesis should be accepted. 90% significant (0.1) 95% significant (0.05) 99% significant (0.01) Critical value 6.25 7.81 11.34 State the result of this test of significance. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Explain why the result you have reached for the χ 2 test in 2 (a)(ii) may not be a reliable guide to the relationship between a country being landlocked and its level of development. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)